Antibiotics are medicines that treat infections caused by bacteria. They act either by killing the bacteria (bactericidal) or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply (bacteriostatic) (1). Infection during pregnancy may be harmful to both the mother and the growing fetus. Therefore, doctors prescribe antibiotics when their benefits outweigh the combined maternal and fetal risks. This post gives you an insight into the safe use of antibiotics while pregnant, the ones contraindicated, their side effects, and precautions.
Why Are Antibiotics Prescribed During Pregnancy?
Antibiotics may be prescribed during pregnancy by doctors to treat:
Severe respiratory or sinus infection Urinary tract infection Kidney infections Bacterial vaginosis Sexually transmitted infections
Antibiotics may also be prescribed for intrapartum fever (fever during childbirth) and as preventive medication during cesarean sections (2). Many of these infections could be life-threatening during pregnancy if left untreated. They may also increase the risk of congenital malformations in the newborn.
Is It Safe to Take Antibiotics When Pregnant?
Studies have shown some antibiotics to be safe during pregnancy, while some may have potential adverse effects on the mother or fetus. The safety may also depend on the dose, duration of antibiotic treatment, and gestational age. Additionally, metabolic and immunological changes during pregnancy may change the behavior of drugs inside the body and impact antibiotic therapy (3). Therefore, you should take antibiotics only when prescribed by the doctor.
Which Antibiotics Are Safe To Take During Pregnancy?
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established a pregnancy risk categorization (A, B, C, D, and X) system in 1979. Drugs that may be used during pregnancy belong to category A (No risk in human studies) and category B (Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a fetal risk and adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women are not available). According to these classifications, the following classes of antibiotics are considered safe during pregnancy (3).
Penicillins and their newer derivatives are most widely prescribed during pregnancy. A few common ones include Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and their combinations with Clavulanate and Sulbactam. They are grouped under FDA pregnancy category B.
Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone and Ceftaroline) are category B drugs and are considered a first-line option in pregnant women. They may be used in patients allergic or intolerant to penicillin therapy. Cephalosporin combinations (Ceftolozane-Tazobactam, and Ceftazidime-Avibactam) may be used with caution as published data about safety during pregnancy is inadequate.
Carbapenems (Ertapenem, Meropenem, and Doripenem) are category B drugs. They are generally reserved for pregnant women with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant infections with limited alternatives.
Macrolide antibiotics are category B drugs, and the common ones are Azithromycin and Erythromycin. Erythromycin may be used during pregnancy for preventing Group B streptococcal infection in the newborn. However, some forms, such as erythromycin estolate, should be avoided (4).
Other antibiotics considered pregnancy-safe (category B) are Vancomycin, Daptomycin, Fidaxomicin, Fosfomycin, and Nitrofurantoin.
Which Antibiotics Are Not Safe During Pregnancy?
Some antibiotics have shown an increased risk of birth defects in studies. They were assigned category C (Animal reproduction studies have shown fetal adverse effects and well-controlled human studies are inadequate), category D (there is positive evidence of risk), and category X (contraindicated in pregnancy due to established fetal risks). Below are the classes of antibiotics associated with safety concerns related to use in pregnancy (3) (5).
Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin (category D) in the first trimester has been related to congenital deafness and should be avoided. Other aminoglycosides (Gentamicin) have not shown many adverse effects and may be used for the short-term under strict medical surveillance.
Tetracyclines: These category D antibiotics (Doxycycline, Minocycline, and Tigecycline) have proven teratogenicity (harmful for the fetus). They can bind to calcium in the developing fetus, causing permanent discoloration of bones and teeth. Large doses may also lead to maternal liver toxicity.
Fluoroquinolones: These consist ofOfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Levofloxacin. Although they are classified as pregnancy category C, they are generally contraindicated in pregnancy. Studies have associated Fluoroquinolones with renal toxicity, cardiac defects, and central nervous system toxicity in the fetus. They may be recommended when there is no alternative.
Other antibiotics under category B should be used with caution in pregnant women due to the lack of adequate human data confirming their safety. A few examples are below.
What Are The Possible Side Effects Of Antibiotics?
The common side effects of antibiotics include (6):
Rash Dizziness Nausea Diarrhea Yeast infections
A serious allergic reaction may occur due to hypersensitivity, usually to Penicillins and Cephalosporins. The symptoms may include wheezing, hives, shortness of breath, and anaphylaxis (it may feel like your throat is closing or choking, or your voice is changing).
What Precautions To Take When Having Antibiotics In Pregnancy?
Antibiotics account for 80% of all prescribed medication in pregnant women (3). Therefore, it is important to be aware of precautions to minimize fetal and maternal toxicity from antibiotics.
Inform your doctor that you are pregnant before getting treated for any infection. Discuss with your healthcare provider all medications that you are on, including dietary supplements and herbal products.
Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a doctor. The dosage of antibiotics varies for pregnant women. Therefore, self-medication with the usual dose may cause fetal harm and also increase the risk of antibiotic resistance.
Consult a doctor whenever you suspect that you have an infection. Antibiotics cannot treat viral infections, such as cold and flu. Get a proper diagnosis before taking any antibiotics.
Take antibiotics as per the prescribed dosage and course. Do not stop the medication when symptoms subside. Not completing an antibiotic course may cause the recurrence of infection with more severity. It may also lead to drug resistance, where the antibiotic becomes no longer effective against the bacteria.
What Is The Safest Antibiotic For UTI During Pregnancy?
The antibiotic choice may depend on the organism identified in the urine culture. Commonly prescribed include Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalosporins, Nitrofurantoin, and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Some recent findings suggest a link between the use of sulfa derivatives and Nitrofurantoin and congenital disabilities if prescribed in the first trimester. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole should be avoided in late pregnancy due to the potential risk of the newborn developing kernicterus (brain damage due to high bilirubin in the baby’s blood) (7).
Other antibiotics, such as azlocillin and dicloxacillin, show incomplete transfer where the concentration of antibiotics is lower in cord plasma than in maternal plasma. Ceftizoxime is the only antibiotic that shows a higher concentration in the cord plasma than in maternal plasma (9).
